Difference between revisions of "Alternative sugars"
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
Much of the flavor in cheese comes from the aging process, in which cheese ripening | Much of the flavor in cheese comes from the aging process, in which cheese ripening Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) consume some of the lactose sugar and other compounds in raw cheese. We don't really want to add lactose because some people are lactose intolerant. What other sugars could we use that are plant based, and will result in the same flavor/aroma/texture profile after aging? | ||
We know that most of the standard bacterial cultures used in cheese making can also grow on other types of sugar than lactose. Lactose is a disaccharide of galactose and glucose, so just replacing the lactose with its monosaccharides would be a good starting point. We could also replace the glucose with a glucose dimer such as maltose or even trehalose to slow down its bacterial utilization a bit. | |||
= Lactose = | |||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose Lactose] is a disaccharide of galactose and glucose. We suspect that galactose is important for Streptococcus thermophilus at least (used in yogurt making, but also cheese - see [https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(03)73619-4/fulltext review]). We might be able to include just galactose and glucose as monomers? But most galactose on the market is made from lactose - from cows - and feeding cheese ripening bacteria glucose may make them grow too fast. Can we find an alternative di- or oligo-saccharide that includes galactose? | |||
= Galactose = | |||
Sigma sells plant-based galactose, but it’s really expensive: | |||
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sial/ark2176 | |||
This company claims to make galactose for the baking industry - seems promising: | |||
* Bonumose files Patent for Breakthrough Galactose Technology https://cvillebiohub.org/2017/04/10/bonumose-files-patent-breakthrough-galactose-technology/ | |||
* Plant-based galactose from Bonumose Biochem LLC https://mailchi.mp/2902d9aab6f7/bonumose-develops-plant-based-galactose-at-low-cost | |||
* Enzymatic production of hexoses https://patents.google.com/patent/US11236320B2/en?q=(galactose)&assignee=bonumose&oq=bonumose+galactose | |||
= Other Disaccharides = | |||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide The Wikipedia page on Disaccharides] is a good starting point | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide The Wikipedia page on Disaccharides] is a good starting point | ||
Criteria: | Criteria: | ||
* Contains galactose and glucose | * Contains galactose and glucose? | ||
* Doesn’t get digested *too* fast (e.g. pure glucose) | * Doesn’t get digested *too* fast (e.g. pure glucose) | ||
* Can be broken down by cheese ripening bacteria of interest | * Can be broken down by cheese ripening bacteria of interest | ||
*Does not not cause any gastrointestinal distress in humans | *Does not not cause any gastrointestinal distress in humans | ||
Can we find Biolog data on bacteria of interest? | [https://www.biolog.com/products/metabolic-characterization-microplates/microbial-phenotype/ Biolog] makes 96-well plates with a different carbon source in each well - useful for checking which cheesemaking bacteria can survive on which alternative sugar sources.Can we find Biolog data on bacteria of interest? | ||
What is the exact mechanism of gastrointestinal distress due to lactose intolerance? | What is the exact mechanism of gastrointestinal distress due to lactose intolerance? | ||
| Line 18: | Line 33: | ||
* Melibiulose - α(1→6) Gal-Fru | * Melibiulose - α(1→6) Gal-Fru | ||
* Lactulose - β(1→4) Gal-Fru. Made from lactose, used as laxative | * Lactulose - β(1→4) Gal-Fru. Made from lactose, used as laxative | ||
Revision as of 03:54, 18 July 2023
Much of the flavor in cheese comes from the aging process, in which cheese ripening Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) consume some of the lactose sugar and other compounds in raw cheese. We don't really want to add lactose because some people are lactose intolerant. What other sugars could we use that are plant based, and will result in the same flavor/aroma/texture profile after aging?
We know that most of the standard bacterial cultures used in cheese making can also grow on other types of sugar than lactose. Lactose is a disaccharide of galactose and glucose, so just replacing the lactose with its monosaccharides would be a good starting point. We could also replace the glucose with a glucose dimer such as maltose or even trehalose to slow down its bacterial utilization a bit.
Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide of galactose and glucose. We suspect that galactose is important for Streptococcus thermophilus at least (used in yogurt making, but also cheese - see review). We might be able to include just galactose and glucose as monomers? But most galactose on the market is made from lactose - from cows - and feeding cheese ripening bacteria glucose may make them grow too fast. Can we find an alternative di- or oligo-saccharide that includes galactose?
Galactose
Sigma sells plant-based galactose, but it’s really expensive: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sial/ark2176
This company claims to make galactose for the baking industry - seems promising:
- Bonumose files Patent for Breakthrough Galactose Technology https://cvillebiohub.org/2017/04/10/bonumose-files-patent-breakthrough-galactose-technology/
- Plant-based galactose from Bonumose Biochem LLC https://mailchi.mp/2902d9aab6f7/bonumose-develops-plant-based-galactose-at-low-cost
- Enzymatic production of hexoses https://patents.google.com/patent/US11236320B2/en?q=(galactose)&assignee=bonumose&oq=bonumose+galactose
Other Disaccharides
The Wikipedia page on Disaccharides is a good starting point Criteria:
- Contains galactose and glucose?
- Doesn’t get digested *too* fast (e.g. pure glucose)
- Can be broken down by cheese ripening bacteria of interest
- Does not not cause any gastrointestinal distress in humans
Biolog makes 96-well plates with a different carbon source in each well - useful for checking which cheesemaking bacteria can survive on which alternative sugar sources.Can we find Biolog data on bacteria of interest?
What is the exact mechanism of gastrointestinal distress due to lactose intolerance?
- Allolactose - β(1→6) Gal-Glu, but produced from lactose
- Melibiose - α(1→6) Gal-Glu. Found in a variety of foods, some of which are coffee beans, apple, sesbania flower, mugwort, olive, and jerusalem artichoke - promising?
- FooDB entry: https://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB001204
- Broken down by alpha-galactosidase
- Melibiulose - α(1→6) Gal-Fru
- Lactulose - β(1→4) Gal-Fru. Made from lactose, used as laxative